Reflect and Redirect "First Date"

This is a role-play activity designed to acclimate students to the practices of reflecting and redirecting during an interview. We will use a "first date" structure to set the scene. Students will divide into pairs and conduct an active listening session with their "date."

• Before we begin, each member of the pair will complete a "dating profile" with basic information like interests, hobbies, or phobias.
• The second member will then begin asking questions, attempting to get the first member telling a story.
• The "date" is over when the second member has reflected or redirected three times.
• The members then switch and the first member begins asking the second member questions.

After we finish, students will need to reflect on how they honed their listening skills. What were they listening for in order to redirect? To reflect? What would have made it easier to reflect or redirect?

Interviewing Tips

As you begin filming, here are some tips and techniques for conducting successful interviews.

• Make contact

Before you show up, you need to make sure some basics are in order. When you contact your interviewee, make sure you tell them 1. how much of their time you need (you should try to keep your interview under 30 minutes total). 2. When you can come. Offer them several options so they can pick a time and day that is convenient for them. 3. What you'd like to talk to them about. This does not mean you give them a list of questions beforehand (although that is not taboo), but it does mean that they know why you're there and what you'll be asking them about in general. 4. Who you are. It changes the dynamic if they know that you are students who are working on a project. How many of you will show up? What equipment will you be bringing?

• Have a plan

Your interview plan starts before you write your interview questions. The first thing you need to remember is that not every interview is the same. Consider why you're interviewing this person: what specifically do you want or need from them? This question goes beyond information-- you need to think about what content you're getting for your documentary. What responses do you want on camera? What information will you use? Where will this interview take place? These questions are crucial because you do not want to leave an interview with a bunch of useless quotes.

• Don't jump right into the interview

Take your time to establish a friendly setting. Set yourself up as someone who is interested in what the subject has to say. Establish your own knowledge and ignorance on the subject. A helpful lead question is usually something that gets the person talking about him or herself: “why don’t you tell me a little bit about yourself and what you do here?” People are most comfortable telling stories, and stories are more likely to lead into great quotes for your documentary.

• Be an active listener

The best interviews mimic conversation, so think about how conversations generally work: there needs to be eye contact, back-and-forth discussion, and friendly reciprocation. Since you want the interviewee talking about 75% of the time (roughly), you’ll need to limit your responses to reflections and re-directions of what he or she just said. Use pauses in the conversation to either encourage the interviewee to expand on a topic by reflecting: “you said that your favorite part of the building is the third floor, what happens there?” or by redirecting: “the cafeteria sounds interesting, I’ll have to check it out later. What can you tell me about the basement?” These techniques show that you’re listening to the subject and not just taking notes (but you should absolutely still be taking notes!).

• Don't feel rushed to move on

Encourage the subject to return back to a topic if you feel you haven’t received enough information. Remember, you are in control of where the interview goes. Don’t be afraid to return to something that was discussed earlier if you want the subject to expand or elaborate. The goal of the interview is always to get footage you can use. If you feel rushed, remember that asking a clarifying question now is better than trying to schedule a repeat interview in the future.

• Practice rephrasing questions

Often, you won’t receive the answer you’re looking for the first time you ask a question. Learn how to rephrase your questions to get the interviewee going in the direction you’d like. For example, if you ask “what’s your favorite part of this job?” and the interviewee responds by talking about his favorite co-workers, try rephrasing using his or her own language: “they sound like a great group of people. What sorts of work activities do you all together that make the workplace so fun?” You know what you need out of this interview, so coach your subject until you get it.

• Leave the interview with a plan

As the interview wraps up, you’ll likely feel rushed, flustered, and exhausted— that’s okay! Have a plan in your notes for how to end the interview and how to move forward. It’s possible you may need to speak to this person again, so try to end the interview by thanking them for their time and asking if you could contact them in the future if you have any further questions or clarifications. Remember that this person just did you a huge favor by speaking with you, so let them know how much you appreciate their help.

• Review your notes

Now that you've finished the interview, you'll want to go back and look at the footage you have. Hopefully, you've taken good notes about responses that interested you, so you can quickly find the sound bytes you want to use. Think about your notes and your footage in relation to other interviews you've done. Have you noticed a pattern? Can you juxtapose things this interviewee said with something another interviewee said? How does this new footage fit in with what you already have?

• Follow up

Send a follow-up email to thank the person for their time. Let them know you appreciated them taking time out of their busy day to help you complete your project. If they are interested, offer to let them see the final product.

Filming Basics

Filming and Editing Tips

Here are three tips to think about as you begin filming.


Filming Tip #1: No Vertical Video
We've talked about this ad nauseum in class, but let's finally make it official: vertical video is bad and I won't allow it in your final project. If you accidentally shoot a scene vertically, you need to either scrap it or go back and shoot it horizontally.

Why is vertical video so bad? It has to do with our biology. All televisions and computer monitors have a horizontal layout. The reason they have this is because our eyes are positioned horizontally on our heads. The result is that horizontal video makes ample use of our field of vision, while vertical video wastes a large portion of our field of vision.

If I see those ugly black bars on the sides of your video, you will get a figurative slap in the form of a bad grade.

Filming Tip #2: Watch the Light
Lighting is important in film. Since you'll rarely (if ever) be filming in a controlled studio setting, you won't have time for traditional Three Point Lighting. Instead, you need to focus on how you want to light your shots. When you're outside, you'll need to be very aware of the sun's position in relation to you and your subject. Similarly, inside, you'll need to watch for the main source of light in the room.

Be aware that all three options for lighting are available and viable, you simply need to pick the one that fits the best.

Want a standard shot that illuminates your subject? Use front lighting.

Want your subject to appear mysterious, uncertain, or in between a decision? Use side lighting.

Want to obscure your subject or place emphasis on the action and not the person? Use back lighting.

All these avenues are possible for your documentary, provided you can justify their use.

Filming Tip #3: The 10-Second Rule
Think back to the documentaries we watched in class. Standard editing keeps most shots shorter than 10 seconds. Remember also that there were several deviations from this "rule," including shots over one minute long.

For your films, I will impose a "soft" 10-second rule: no shot should be over 10 seconds-- unless it needs to be. In other words, if you group would like to use a shot that is longer than 10 seconds, you must be able to justify its use.

So how do you keep shots shorter than 10 seconds while using interview answers longer than 10 seconds? B-Roll footage.

Film Tip #4: B-Roll
B-Roll footage is supplementary or alternate footage that you use alongside interviews or monologues. It is essentially footage that we look at while someone talks. B-Roll is crucial, because we do not want to look at your interview subject while he or she talks for 30 seconds.Most of the filming you do will be used for B-Roll. You're most likely familiar with B-Roll footage from the news.

B-Roll fail.

Take a look at the following page illustrating the visual difference B-roll can make. Think of B-roll as your way of telling a visual story while the narrative story is happening. They offer some great tips: 1. keep it relevant, 2. plan ahead, 3. camera movement, 4. limit distractions, 5. timing is everything. Those are all great things to keep in mind, but I want you to especially think of B-roll as a way to disguise your edits. In the first video, notice how prevalent the edits are-- there's nothing to distract you from the fact that a cut happened. In the second video, pay attention to how seamless the editing is-- this is because of B-roll footage.

Understanding Film Terms

Below are some key terms and explanations (with examples) of key film concepts and terms.